ABSTRACT Background: This study aimed to evaluate UAV images of Pinus taeda L. stands for classifying trees attacked by Sapajus nigritus in Southern Brazil. UAV images were acquired on March 2018, using a DJI Phantom Pro 4 over 18.73 hectares. We evaluated different band compositions and vegetation indices. Using photo interpretation based on the color of the crown and field measurements, the trees were manually labeled as not attacked, dead, and attacked. The classified trees were divided into training (75%) and validation (25%), considering three tree crown diameters (0.5, 1, and 1.5 m) and three region-oriented classification algorithms. The classification accuracy was assessed by overall accuracy and the kappa index. Results: A total of 3,773 trees were manually detected, of which 39% were attacked, 5% died and 56% were not attacked. The results also indicated that the best-chosen diameter was 0.5 meters, the best classifier algorithm was the SVM, and the highest accuracy was represented by the composition of the ExG index associated with the original spectral bands. Conclusion: We argue that the attacks can be monitored using UAV images and such results provide insights for forest management initiatives.

Resumo Estudos indicam a perda ambiental com a reformulação da legislação florestal dada atualmente pela Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa (LPVN), antigo Código Florestal. Ainda são necessárias pesquisas que indiquem o efeito sobre os titulares das terras, em regiões jurisdicionadas por outras regulamentações ambientais, como para o bioma Mata Atlântica, e ainda, os reflexos da integração das leis com questões de cumprimento da função social dos imóveis. A região Sudoeste do Paraná possui estrutura fundiária caracterizada pela pequena propriedade rural, e os objetivos deste trabalho foram: verificar se existe diferença no cumprimento da função social rural da pequena propriedade, considerando a realidade inicial das propriedades, o Código Florestal de 1965, e a LPVN; estimar o custo de oportunidade economizado pelo agricultor com a adequação ambiental rural pela lei de 2012; determinar as diferenças entre áreas de preservação permanente (APP) e reservas legais (RL) nas duas legislações; estimar a área a ser recuperada pelo Programa de Regularização Ambiental (PRA) nas pequenas propriedades. Foram confeccionados sete mapas de uso e ocupação do solo em ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica, na qual os montantes de áreas foram analisados com estatísticas inferenciais. Os dados permitiram concluir que: a pequena propriedade rural na região cumpre a função social rural em todos os padrões; o custo de oportunidade economizado foi de 6,2% do salário mínimo por módulo fiscal; A APP a restaurar foi inferior em relação à lei antecedente; estima-se para a região sudoeste, a necessidade de recuperação de 11.762,40 hectares de matas ciliares; não existe diferença significativa entre a reserva legal preexistente entre as duas leis; existe diferença significativa entre a reserva legal a recuperar.

Abstract Studies indicate environmental loss, due to the reformulation of the forest legislation, currently given by the Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL), formerly the Forestry Code. Research is still needed to indicate the effect on landowners, in regions that are governed by other environmental regulations, such as the Atlantic Forest biome as well as the reflexes of the integration of laws regarding the fulfillment of the social function of real estate. The southwestern region of Paraná state has a land structure characterized by small rural properties and the objectives of this work were: to verify if there is a difference in the fulfillment of the rural social function of the small properties, considering the initial reality of the properties, the Forestry Code of 1965; NVPL; to estimate the saved opportunity cost by the farmer with the rural environmental suitability by the 2012 law; to determine the differences between permanent preservation areas (PPAs) and legal reserves (LRs) in both legislations; estimate the area to be recovered by the Environmental Regularization Program (ERP) in small properties. Seven land use and occupation maps were designed in a Geographic Information System environment, in which the amounts of areas were analyzed with inferential statistics. The data allowed to conclude that: the small rural property in the region fulfills the rural social function in all the standards; the saved opportunity cost was 6.2% of the minimum wage per fiscal module; The PPA to be restored was smaller than the previous law; the need for recovery of 11,762.40 hectares of riparian forests is estimated for the southwestern region; there is no significant difference between the pre-existing legal reserve between the two laws; there is a significant difference between the legal reserve to be recovered.